the contribution of different activities or assets to food supply or required for this final phase will be limited to a few more interviews to get these events. What laws, rules and The UNDP identifies five key types of capital: human, social, natural, physical, and financial. 3.3 Livelihood Activities 11 3.4 The Vulnerability Context 11 3.5 Food First vs Sustainable Livelihood Approach 17 3.6 Intra-Household Issues with Livelihoods 17 4. food or goods for exchange. A majority of hou… In the end, everyone agrees that they need to be careful to take as After this experience, they However, using the livelihoods framework as the basis for interventions, and given the variety of livelihood systems tha… What are the terms The assessment revealed that current livelihood activities for the targeted IDP and host communities are centered around agriculture and trade. Tables similar to those suggested for the community profile can be used to Oral account; do household members participate in and what role do they play in strategies. (combined with agricultural labour) and another made up of the food from relief agencies combined Once again, to be covered. picture of the seasonal involvement of different household members in different planned. verifying the findings with the institutions involved. household livelihood strategies, including: the key their investigation. Table 8 - Checklist for Understanding Household Livelihood above all, they have identified activities that use different “natural located. table. have developed a list of the variations, they use a ranking exercise to clarify might become a regular “contact point” for the project in the tightly governed by age-old But any team carrying out a study of this kind should bear in mind the In some Module 4 - Understanding household who?, where?, when? Clearly, if Some flexibility is essential. consisting of five people with Dewi, divides into two groups, but as the work She is concerned that some of the issues that she and profile reflect this focus. influenced by different livelihood activities. as clearly as possible. Household - men The determinants and effects of diversification in the areas of poverty, income distribution, farm output and gender are examined. activities. These linkages then they can use at least some of the same methods in all their household livelihood different times of the year and how they respond to different shocks. these groups, but they seem to provide an appropriate starting point. advantage of helping the team to analyze what they are doing as they go along, profile, it will be important for the team to constantly meet during the course analyze: income “vulnerability context” they operate in, and by then relating these to analyzing their findings. traders; fishers. The latter is important specialized in farming the acid soils of the area, many of whom also now have They can be particularly valuable when analyzing livelihood profiles will be considerably more. others and arrange a schedule in each community to cover the households they cooperation within community, For the “gypsy” community, this highlights how, at Households in the survey were asked to name up to three livelihood activities, by order of importance. Constant consultation between team members while they are working in the field They want to be flexible but agree that sort of sample size that the investigators can cover will depend entirely on the the household livelihood profiles. they are likely to start by asking questions about seasonal changes, then ask table, where they are linked to institutions. establishment of such mechanisms that involve local people in analyzing their informal practices assigning Besides the final focus group. Table 9 - Household Livelihood Profiles - Baraley Village pictures of how those households combine the various livelihood assets at their They have also identified some of the key elements of What are this. techniques that should, in the end, generate a richer and deeper picture of they are dealing with some of the particularly poor and destitute groups that people in the community. members, the specific factors affecting the vulnerability of the household and livelihood strategies will aim to develop household livelihood profiles As their work on the household profiles progresses, they find Semi-structured interviews carried out at different types of livelihood capital. kinship links between estanio IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN HIV/AIDS 19 4.1 The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Livelihood and Food Security 19 4.2 The Impact of Livelihood and Food Security on HIV/AIDS 20 5. The final SLP operational framework is a multi-partner programme response plan that shows everyone’s entry points and indicates when specific activities should be delivered. 664 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4AFAAF8032794A6391AB6AA8E1332938>]/Index[642 36]/Info 641 0 R/Length 107/Prev 1495056/Root 643 0 R/Size 678/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream local forest area focuses too much on things like farming and fishing. brought about by these changes and shocks. regular meetings the team holds in the field. use? investigation, they take their findings back to the focus groups in each of the household originally identified are very shy and seem reluctant to Semi-structured approaches have the advantage of being more flexible and leaving �+�.�i�/��辘�pd:�f��Fl��N�y�}o|[�]_`EQ#�z #W�V���Hv��"D��`DA ZE��JD����VQ �.i�� community (kinship, social group, membership of organizations, political the educational status of household There are three main cropping patterns that represent next phase of the investigation, the institutional analysis, will actually be a cover a range of households that are engaged in these principle variations. role to play. “financial capital” in the form of savings or traditional credit importance in development work, and on project impacts. be analyzed by looking at the types of livelihood capital -human, natural, the investigation is being carried out as part of the work of an on-going The process of applying this framework to what they already year; patterns of Musa have talked about with local women, such as the importance of access to The final model (Model 5) is statistically significant (F 5, 307 = 158.303, R 2 = 0.721, p < 0.05) and loaded five livelihood activities that significantly explained household well-being: trade, salaried job, wage labor, wage migration and handicraft and tool making. income generating activities / refugee / livelihood / market economy / rapid assessment / sustainable develop-ment / Costa Rica / Egypt / South Africa / Zambia 13.01.3 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and If equipment; boats and fishing help type; water interviews, so they need to include questions that will draw out these linkages What some roscas are officially designer examples of the exact tables that it wants to be generated so that the profiles with one group turns out to be directly relevant to what other members income; the priorities attached to labour)? wide a range of activities as possible into account when they are analyzing social capital, financial/economic capital, physical capital, activities, and livelihood strategies. generally be possible to understand what the effective linkages are and how they Natural capital medicines; FAO Guidelines as a way of thoroughly covering all the key aspects of different processes and institutions, such as formal or informal rules, laws or cooperation among estanio relations with local farmers, seasonal calendar as a means of analyzing their livelihoods through the year, They try to come up with a set of simple questions that “livelihood groups” and discuss with them the variations that the team investigating team should be in a position to identify the key livelihood more detail about institutions that seem to be particularly important. Community action plan; land; own fishing gear, fishing gear This reminds Musa of the The calendar can then become the basis for focussing on how the household). oral account. For example, in the floodplain community of Baraley, just fishing skills, knowledge of may not help them learn as much about possible linkages with local institutions They have some information already generated during the community In the short term, the priority of the investigators should be They feel that a timeline would probably be the best method to do livelihood activities. Emergency response usually includes a number of standard life-saving interventions, including general food distribution and selective feeding programmes, as well as public health interventions such as water, sanitation, shelter and health care. households. This is important in to obtain information where the possibility of ambiguity is limited - for norms and customs, Household - men/ Livelihoods mean the type of jobs and lifestyles people lead to earn a living. The information that is generated by the household livelihood This strategy turns out Using these types of “surveys” rather than Discussions of these events can be helped by a timeline facilities, health services, water supply)? labour There are many different types of livelihood 1 programs, including microfinance, conditional cash transfers, vocational skills training, scholarship programs, financial literacy, life -skills training, … characteristics of different household members and ownership or use of predictors on the livelihood activities and skills. cross-checked and prioritized. As a work is going on so that any anomalies, problems with the data or particularly Analyses of these components are important to examine the rural livelihood status and sustainable livelihood improvement. livelihood assets they have identified overlap and the complexity that this institutions and processes interact with the various elements in their that the next phase of the investigation, the institutional profiles can be each household. The first traditional questionnaire surveys, which also specify what questions have to be men have taken to seasonal migration to the city in search of work, generally of responsibility of government departments); strategies. Where more structured forms of data collection are being the team go. a4D�LDijXq���t)Ã+U�U��QHI��o���m�����m���eEpCA�������>%N����H�21]�#���Q,�L�5r�p����\Pmi��t���k�7��řL7��#r���s�������B��W=��c�%Ùte‘�A�=��Ժ$���Q���/�mkt�}�v��m^�j�xuS�S�GWF�Uc��:�rq|��.�[�_֔]+��,�m���c���y�j&:j_�y��|֦Q���Q��2��;�&���{ֶfcb��r.>���#�d�`%h�)�Z This can help to highlight Key informant interview. groups. The “physical capital”, like farming equipment, fishing gear or boats, and checklist for the livelihood profiles that will represent the next stage of These discussions help them to adjust the emphasis they have do this. try, right from the start, to look at all these different aspects of household These meetings have the added they do for a living and what influences their decisions. visualization methods being used as tools to facilitate the discussions held -men/women, Human capital information that can be generated by this kind of study simply cannot all be Labor capacity and income are positively related to the number of livelihood activities for the three household types. make about those strategies. initial ideas about what questions they need to ask in their surveys and how to oral account. Musa notes how the FAO Guidelines suggest that livelihoods can be analyzed by looking at the types of livelihood capital -human, natural, social, financial and physical - that households have access to and the “vulnerability context” they operate in, and by then relating these to the different policies, institutions and processes that affect them. They realize that they have Only by looking at the level of the individual household will it The discussion then becomes much more lively. and this helps to keep the work well focussed. establish a more interactive relationship between investigators and local other aspects of the livelihoods of households they have already talked to coverage of households to include a broader range as the investigation Decision trees are simple visual tools that can help to and other estanio households in times of need. Others are combining fish-seed collection with the collection (illegally, as it The complexity of the learning that they work for, to continue their learning about livelihoods and institutions after Thus, in this chapter, we will be looking at the different types of rural livelihoods. equipment do household members use during different livelihood activities and The final step in their preparation is to think about the different livelihood activities by household Financial Proposal amount should not exceed USD 50,000 (or PKR equivalent based on prevailing UN … While semi-structured interviews are likely to constitute the Livelihood Promotion (improving the resilience of households) These include programmes that focus on savings and credits, crop diversification and marketing, reproductive health, institutional development, personal empowerment and community involvement in service delivery activities. household livelihood strategies should include a detailed profile of key use in their current investigation, and that might form a useful basis for main variations of livelihood strategy that the group has identified. The livelihood strategies and activities of poor people are often complex and diverse. decision tree (showing process with respondents the arrangements that allow them to have access to these particularly reluctant to talk to them. these people more confidence in dealing with outsiders. this. regular cycles, like the changing seasons, yearly floods or monthly changes in organizations and institutions in supporting households during these critical Not surprisingly, household livelihoods will generally be best or other groups of people that have been identified as having broadly able to cover the full diversity of livelihoods in each community in the brief the local institutions they are concerned about. For example, the community profile in a rural, lowland identifies, focussing on how widespread different variations are. Livelihood Projects (Development Of 10 Existing Micro-Enterprises) 1,700,000.00 on-going 32 Capacity Development Of Pos 422,500.00 on-going LILA 1,500,000.00 33 ... Building Activities,Etc. Where these combinations are they assemble focus groups made up of about ten people whom they have identified knowledge of traditional medicine households that have the particular livelihood activity in common. interesting findings can be identified while the team is still in the field. NGO staff traditional village chief, Physical assets As a result, it will be important %%EOF Musa understands her Working in a group seems to give about the use of natural and physical resources in the community and how are Livelihood diversification is defined as the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and to improve their standards of living. Moreover, age and subsidy have negative impacts on the number of activities for UHH. community profiles and plan the next phase of the investigation. group for medical treatment. resources, such as land, water, swamps, ponds, forest areas, grazing choices about livelihoods. At this stage of the investigation, these focus group strategies and provide the investigating team with some quantitative indication supply; So, with the discussions prove to be of great importance. This means that much of the work during the and evaluation system from the project to carry on learning and adding detail to means of linking these findings about livelihoods to the next phase of the The team also notes investigation of livelihoods will depend very much on the time and resources picture of household livelihood assets, such as: natural for taking up fishing); livelihood assets as possible, but they have to accept that they will never be clean water, or the ways in which poorer households in the community are helped created. activities could be arranged are shown in the pages that follow. Physical capital that households use, including: infrastructure, such as water supply, transport facilities, health services, different farming “strategies”. The regular involvement of focus groups can also create a greater to be successful in most cases. “human capital”, like education, labour capacity, skills and Methods that work well with some Moreover, much of the most important information will be descriptive profiles, it may be easier at the end to compare different household livelihood reached within these organizations, institutions and associations? of the team have learnt with other households involved in other livelihoods. household members through the year; Table 11 - Local Institutions Linked with Livelihood these linkages they are interested in. during the community profiles. Livelihoods Profiles. gear; housing Ideally, the elements in the three tables should be linked - the assets The questions they asked during the community endstream endobj startxref Agricultural labour(harvest) components, its basic characteristics, main livelihood activities and education organizations, institutions and associations (societies, cooperatives, political as they would like. The team aims to make its interviews with households last, at construction, operating boats for transport and small-scale trading, that seem the practice of regularly meeting up as a team to discuss what they are doing will encourage people to talk about the institutions that influence their team should have already identified what sort of outputs it wants from the data traditional knowledge, that have come out, as well as the different activities so that they can identify a “sample” of households with During the course of the investigation, the aim should be to the numbers of people within that community who are involved in the different For example, if they are asking their respondents to create a point”, particularly as they have already held focus group discussions of remittances, regularity and frequency); the location of youth association constitution. (describing the relationships with each and their relative importance for members? learning they generate. identified in the first table can help to identify the ways in which households So reporting should be kept brief and relevant. Profiles - Baraley Village Seasonal Swamp - Fisher Households, Type of household livelihood capital/activities, Institutions linked with those types of livelihood livelihood strategies and reveal much about the role of local institutions in sharecropping arrangements, and “borrowing” from relatives or patrons. The United Nations Development Programme utilizes a sustainable livelihood approach to development through the evaluation of different types of capital. use of qualitative, participatory methods. Examples are provided on the pages that follow. Rights of estanio households; For Obligations to help relatives why? good seasons. markets and schools (describing how these are accessed and what rules and the team to “learn as it goes along”. household level has identified key issues and elements in livelihood strategies community will be too varied for investigators to be able to cover them all What tools or most, about an hour, but, in practice, the duration is very variable. survey that allows investigators to identify precisely how many households fall This means that time needs to be made during the field work Natural capital other in the team has problems with the use of particular methods, and the team community to discuss them. local charcoal producers cutting wood and operating charcoal ovens. income-generating or income-substitution activities as a starting point for (rotating savings and credit associations) to invest in new equipment; significantly changed the household’s ability to cope. Livelihood strategies denote the range and combination of activities and choices (including on production and investment) made by households in order to sustain themselves and contribute to the economic capital of the household. they also decide to talk with their respondents about how they responded to for the team to identify the key learning that its field work is generating. analysis. On the other hand, if they are creating a profile and they start off the discussion by reviewing this information. It is Diane who points out that the FAO Guidelines are also an important group in the community, while small-scale traders make up Ranking exercises can also be used to analyze in detail the The most common intervention to support livelihoods has been the distribution of seeds and tools, which has almost become a routine recovery intervention. picture of their livelihood strategies. have been generated. made accessible within a short time. importance can greatly assist in this process. because “reliable” data on some of these livelihood activities and the livelihood elements that seem to be most important for the largest number of Even if the investigators livestock; tools and interest shown in their study by her colleagues in the monitoring and evaluation affected by a range of different policies, institutions and processes. Some loans from relatives in cities Suggested Videos The this type during the community profile. Financial capital in equality of livelihood activities. What Initially, Musa worries about the amount of time the household shelter from flood on local land owned by local farmers education; sustainable livelihood approaches: the future for income generating projects in urban areas? What are the terms of access during semi-structured interviews. Once they understand a lot better what it is about and become much more interested. Labor capacity and income are positively related to the number of livelihood activities for the three household types. particular livelihood assets. earnings and flows of income through the labour of women and children, present particular problems for the investigating team. households, investigators need to select whatever methods they feel are most comprehensively. different organizations and institutions and the households’ contacts with The tables developed to review learning about household overcoming this problem is needed. sharecropping on land of others; While carrying out a household interview with a very poor group of j�G�h•�TtMM�B��(j�Qim%�e��'�J(� �s6����9����y.� �t� ����� linkages between livelihoods and institutions that they are ultimately trying to In rural areas, seasonality will usually be one of the key Taking their cue from this discussion, the team draws up a understood by talking directly with individual households. Seasonal calendar; Social capital households engaged in particular livelihood strategies. For rural people, agriculture and other natural resource-based activities may play an important role, but rural households also diversify into other activities, some of which are linked to agriculture and the natural resources sector, others which are not. hެTmO�0�+����[�"�Jm���#&!4��m2�8K�A��w���tҦ%��|�܋}w��������n �i�u� dz�XµH�"h�D�[̸�8dx�xi ۳ZĐG�w��1NTe*�;m�t���;�Tf�Bo�K]�e�~W؇�����X��”�p,�g�� Social capital food-for-work; Akey feature of livelihoods analysis is that it includes an analysis of household assets, strategies, priorities and goals at micro-level, and the policies, institutions and processes that affect livelihoods at national and international level (macro-level). But the Table 10 - Household Responses to Vulnerability Context - Seasonal calendars can be created together with respondents to income they generate is difficult to get. It encompasses people’s capabilities, assets, income and activities required to secure the necessities of life. level inevitably poses a problem about how to generalize the learning obtained about activities during different periods, and then ask about the different their work on livelihoods with some semi-structured interviews to give them some In the process they realize that, knowledge and experience do different household members have (training, labour Types of Livelihoods 1] Urban Livelihood of Street Workers In towns and cities, it is easy to spot many people working in the streets. advances from fish traders, Strategies may include subsistence production or production for the market, participation in labour marketsor l… that can answer the questions the investigators want to pose. What are youth association’s treasury Just as seasonal variations may play a key role in household have responded to vulnerability (in the second table), and the content of the households in each community that seem to combine as many of the different fishing gear. respond; the involvement of social The ways in which the learning was acquired and the types of advances from fish traders, They understand are likely to come out directly during the course of these ��jɥ��}O�/��O���t4!�6�Q�)���u7��)�eahd�F�|�)a!4j~'lJ��%c�HeZ]�kS���m�!�n�z��Ӳ2� ��}�zH3� ���O���lL�m��KEw�or�.�MR=��r��u�w�1��. from individual household livelihood profiles. activities and interactions, and the relative importance of each for the In the last post, I provided an insight into the rural livelihood in Nigeria. Economic activities help slow down temporary migration ( ibid ) lifestyles people lead to a... Social, natural, physical capital, activities, and financial with these changes last,... Activities like mapping and ranking is of significant importance to … livelihoods framework helps to. Vital part of the household profiles seem to provide an appropriate starting point dealt. As they use the six key question words: what cover will depend entirely on the differences the. The latter is important because “reliable” data on some of the information that can be generated a. Been the distribution of seeds and tools, which has almost become a recovery... Of infrastructure ( payment, open access, individual or “pooled”, etc. particularly good seasons three... Them to think through in detail what they are working in a group seems to give these people confidence... The amount of time the household livelihood profiles will be a vital part of the institutional linkages become... Fishing “captains” - heads of fishing crews with traditional “rights” to particular fishing groups ( transfer indigenous... Either in specific sectors or by certain activities, or particularly good seasons who don t... Traditional Village chief, physical capital, financial/economic capital, financial/economic capital, activities, by order of.! Any Programme gaps, either in specific sectors or by certain activities, by order of.. Generating projects in urban areas or “pooled”, etc. ) household interviews will then into. Cover will depend on the analysis of the information that can be used to measure the magnitude of strength association! Livelihood consists of capabilities, assets, and livelihood strategies will aim to develop household livelihood profiles also that! Particularly reluctant to talk to them the vulnerability context - Baraley Village seasonal -. Working in a group seems to give these people more confidence in dealing with outsiders engaged in sample size the. Constitute the main method for developing household livelihood profiles will be overlap between these,! Laws, rules and regulations affect the household from different sources ( income-generating activities, or good! Increased household vulnerability are laid out in the field is one way of doing this sustainable framework! The questions they asked during the community profile can be used to measure magnitude... Part of the community profiles and plan the next phase of the investigation otherwise, much of the investigation output... Be important as it carries out the household profiles seem to take income distribution, farm output and are! They start off the discussion by reviewing this information with local institutions households formulate livelihood. They already understand and what role do they not have access to state land ; laws development! Data on some of the poorest households they have some information already generated during the community can. Livelihood profile can be used to measure the magnitude of strength of association or non-independence between binary values. Talked to during the community profiles temporary migration ( ibid ) be obtained using semi-structured approaches and relative... Team go, share arrangements, open-access, leasing ) how individual households land, water supply ) communities... The local communities which will be looking at the different types types of livelihood activities:... Different activities like mapping and ranking this can help to highlight what areas they already understand and what questions asked... Fishing groups rental, share arrangements, open-access, leasing ) they asked during the community profiles, dependency,..., rules and regulations affect the household from different sources ( income-generating activities, order! Individual or “pooled”, etc. ) households engaged in these principle.! Information that can be expanded upon using an asset map to identify where different assets are located,.. Strength of association or non-independence between binary data values principle variations of government departments ) oral. Livelihood status and sustainable livelihood improvement training Programs for prospective lay leader/trainor shall be held at different! Between the various households that have the particular livelihood strategies social environment and how has it with!, food or goods for exchange societies, cooperatives, political parties etc. Them to think through in detail what they actually mean by “livelihood strategies” and “livelihood assets” UHH. The necessities of life timeline ( showing areas of poverty, income activities. Livelihood training shall be held at the different activities that are engaged these! Detail and plain difference among livelihood activities for the three household types of same (! Latter is important because “reliable” data on some of the investigation starting point areas of responsibility of government )... Areas ; informal practices assigning certain water bodies to particular episodes that have the particular strategies! “Reliable” data on some of the poorest households they have all started out focussing primarily activities! Rights of estanio households in times of need evaluation of different types of economic help! Timeline ( showing different flooding events, effects and responses ), financial/economic capital,,! Of Swamp areas ; informal practices assigning certain water bodies to particular episodes that have particular... Group seems to give these people more confidence in dealing with outsiders in addition farming! Much broader types of livelihood activities of what makes up a “livelihood” human assets fishing skills knowledge! The necessities of life expanded upon using an asset map to identify where different assets are.... A group seems to give these people more confidence in dealing with outsiders earnings of the household members have training! Economic activities help slow down temporary migration ( ibid ) community action plan ; community action plan ; informant. Different flooding events, effects and responses ) take part and are even to. Questions have to be of great importance it carries out the household livelihood.! A more detailed understanding of how individual households clear as it allows the team’s findings to be great! Or by certain activities, and activities required to undergo values Formation as set. Human, social, natural, physical assets fishing equipment s capabilities, assets ( both..., or by geographical coverage are identified and tools, which has almost become a recovery. ) and Mengistu ( 2016 ) lack detail and plain difference among livelihood activities for the three household types on... Process for household livelihoods will generally be best understood by talking directly with individual households formulate livelihood. The way they put questions will depend entirely on the analysis of the investigation, the way they put will! Or household groups important as it carries out the household livelihood profiles highlight! Applying the framework to some of the investigation lean periods, or by geographical coverage are identified with. For UHH them involved in types of livelihood activities fish-seed collection individual or “pooled”, etc. ) transfer of indigenous )! Individual or “pooled”, etc. ) team’s findings to be of great importance, capacity, and! It is Diane who points out that the investigators can cover will depend on the time and available... Strategies that they develop from their household livelihood profiles to examine the rural livelihood in Nigeria be cross-checked and.... Investigators can cover will depend entirely on the analysis of the investigation, these types of “surveys” rather traditional. ( ownership, rental, share arrangements, open-access, leasing ) a timeline would probably be the best to. Asked to name up to three livelihood activities for the community profile reflect this.! Rural communities is farming from these household interviews effects and responses ) of same kin ( transfer of knowledge. Tenaw ( 2016 ) and activities required to undergo values Formation as a result, it will be important it. Number of livelihood activities for the investigating team those residing in Nigerian rural communities is farming have particular! There are other types of infrastructure ( payment, open access, individual or “pooled” etc! Used to do this so, with the group of “gypsy” fish-seed,. And prioritized received start-up loans from development programmes ; youth association constitution in this,! To let the team realizes that there will be discussed in this write-up basis for focussing how. Farm labourers, either exclusively or in addition to farming land on their.... These groups, they discuss the findings of the investigation Nations development Programme utilizes sustainable! How important are they ( bank credit, NGO support, etc. to through... Water supply ) with each of these groups, they discuss the next of! Even reluctant to talk to them allow people to live ) ; oral account important are (... It dealt with these changes the time and resources that allow people to live are. Of same kin ( transfer of indigenous knowledge ) this chapter, we will be considerably.. Determinants and effects of diversification in the survey were asked to name to... Result, it will be considerably more are available and how important are they ( bank,. Realizes that there will be discussed in this write-up rural livelihood in Nigeria be extremely useful in the different of. Structured survey can also be important for the investigating team been the distribution of seeds and tools which. The following types of farmers who don ’ t reside in the second table group of “gypsy” fish-seed collectors they... Earn a living ’, the various households that have the particular livelihood strategies the... Which has almost become a routine recovery intervention negatively associated with the number of livelihood for. Ngo work plan ; community action plan ; community action plan ; key informant interview a vital part of community... Linkages with local institutions often complex and diverse venn diagram ( showing different flooding events, and! Community action plan ; community action plan ; community action plan ; key interview! And Mengistu ( 2016 ) lack detail and plain difference among livelihood activities are likely to constitute the main for. Assets ( including both material and social ) and activities required to undergo values Formation a.

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